Beam Penetration Method for displaying color pictures has been used with random-scan monitors. Two layers of phosphor, usually red and green, are coated on to the inside of the CRT screen, and the displayed color depends on how far the electron beam penetrates into the phosphor layers.
Shadow-mask Methods are commonly used in raster-scan systems (including color TV) because they produce a much wider range of color than the beam penetration method. A shadow-mask CRT has three phosphor color dots at each pixel position. One phosphor dot emits a red light, another emits a green light, and the third emits a blue light.

Line caps helps in improving the appearance of the line by adjusting the shape of line ends There are three types of line caps:
1. But Cap 2. Round Cap 3. Projection Square Cap

Line Attributes: Basic attributes of a straight line segment are its type, its width, and its color. In some graphics packages, lines can also be displayed using selected pen or brush options.
AREA-FILL ATTRIBUTES: Basic attributes of an area-fill are
Fill Styles: Areas are displayed with three basic fill styles: hollow with a color border, filled with a solid color, or Wed with a specified pattern or design.
Pattern Fill
Soft Fill: the linear soft-fill algorithm repaints an area that was originally painted by merging a foreground color F with a single background color 8, where F + B.The current RGB color P of each pixel within the area to be refilled is some linear combination of F and B:
P = tF + (1- t)B
where the "transparency" factor t has a value between 0 and 1 for each pixel. RGB component of the colors
P = (P_R, P_C, P_R), F = (F_R, F_c, F_R), B = (B_R, B_c, B_B)
Text Attributes: Following are the text attributes:
Font : is the choice of font (or typeface), which is a set of characters with a particular design style such as New York, Courier, Helvetica, London, 'Times Roman, and various special symbol groups.
Font size
Font colour
Marker Attributes: A marker symbol is a single character that can be displayed in different colors and in different sizes. We select a particular character to be the marker symbol with
setMarkerType (int)
Hence Marker attributes are type, size and color.

Common color models defined with three primary colors are the RGB and CMY models.
RGB: color scheme is an additive model. Intensities of the primary colors are added to produce other colors. Each color point within the bounds of the cube can be represented as a triple (R, G, B), where values for R, G, and B are assigned in the range from 0 to 1. Thus, a color C, is expressed in RGB components as
C = RR + GG + BB
CMY: A color model defined with the primary colors cyan, magenta, and yellow (CMY) is useful for describing color output to hard-copy devices. We can express the conversion from an RGB representation to a CMY representation with the matrix transformation:

If the membership of an element is greater than or equal to alpha-cut value then its membership will become one in the resultant set otherwise it’s membership will be zero(i.e. Will not be a member of the resulting set).
Here alpha = 0.4
So new set = {(20, 0), (30, 0), (40, 1), (50, 1), (60, 1), (70, 1), (80, 1)}
OR
{(40, 1), (50,1), (60.1), (70,1), (80,1)}

The return statement terminates the execution of a function and returns control to the calling function. Execution resumes in the calling function at the point immediately following the call. A return statement can also return a value to the calling function.
Goto statement: The goto statement transfers the program control directly to a labeled statement.A common use of goto is to transfer control to a specific switch-case label or the default label in a switch statement. The goto statement is also useful to get out of deeply nested loops.
Break statement: The break statement terminates the execution of the nearest enclosing do, for, switch, or while statement in which it appears. Control passes to the statement that follows the terminated statement.
Continue statement: The continue statement passes control to the next iteration of the nearest enclosing do, for, or while statement in which it appears, bypassing any remaining statements in the do, for, or while statement body.

Algorithm to be implemented should be:
Clear: Clear means it should convey the exact work you are trying to accomplish.

fopen() → returns a file pointer
fclose() → returns end of file
ferror() → return for any problem report
feof() → returns 0

Rules:

Software testing is the process of executing a program with the intent of finding errors.

UFP= (50*4)+ ( 40*5)+(35*4)+(6*10)+(4*7)
UFP= 628
CAF = 0.65 + ( 0.01 * F )
F = 14 * scale
Since weighing factor is given as average. So scale value= 3
F= 42.
CAF = 1.07
FP= UFP* CAF
FP= 628*1.07
FP= 671.96
FP= 672(approximately)